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Text: English (translation) Original Language: German

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Product details

Series: Open Court Classics

Paperback: 364 pages

Publisher: Open Court; Revised edition (August 5, 2003)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0812695232

ISBN-13: 978-0812695236

Product Dimensions:

5 x 0.9 x 10.1 inches

Shipping Weight: 1.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.8 out of 5 stars

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Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#843,888 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

Even though Logical Positivism itself failed as a philosophical project, the effects of this empirical project still ripple through the philosophical world today. One cannot come to an understanding of modern analytic philosophy, such as the philosophies of W.V.O. Quine, without dealing with the theories of the Logical Positivists, such as Rudolf Carnap. This work is one of the cornerstones of Positivistic philosophy; it is 'manifesto' of what the Positivists wanted in a philosophical theory. By utilizing logic and radical reductionism, Carnap wished to show how one's knowledge of the world can be reduced to sense data and how our talk about the external world is built up from our immediate sense data. This work is concise and clearly formulated; its goals clearly stated and the workings of the logical mechinary vividly shown. I would recommend this book to one wanting to learn more about Logical Positivism.

A must read

Pure Genius.

Very good!

*Der logische Aufbau der Welt* was one of Rudolf Carnap's first ventures into print in 1928, and it crystalizes the views of the Vienna Circle at a time when they thought -- as Bertrand Russell did for many years -- that the basic building-blocks of a scientific view of the world were sense-impressions, collated by the rational experiencing subject into patterns of greater and greater scope and rigor. Carnap, Schlick et al. didn't stick with it but this doctrine (which has a high level of plausibility for the inward-looking philosophy beginner) is worth exploring, and Carnap was here one of the first to directly apply the machinery of formal logic to a problem outside the philosophy of mathematics or that of language; the term "analytic" was not abroad at that time, but Carnap did as much as anyone to form the self-understanding of analytic philosophy with work like this and the more programmatic "Pseudoproblems in Philosophy" also included in this volume.Beginning with ordinary predicate logic and a primitive relation which applies when two stimuli are "similar", Carnap develops a formal epistemology of scientific knowing that solves the "problem of the external world" and some other major problems to a first approximation. This sort of "phenomenalism" was viewed as the oldest of hat for decades, but the *Aufbau* is back on the agenda as today's metaphysicians and epistemologists want to isolate, not appearances, but the sense of reasonable certainty we have in drawing certain conclusions about them (David Chalmers' recent book *Constructing the World* is explicitly indebted to the *Aufbau*, indeed it advertises itself as such in its introduction and implicitly by title). Thusly, you have reasons from the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophy alike to take a look at this; the translation by Rolf A. George is serviceable, and Open Court has done everybody a service by picking up this out-of-print title from Cal.

Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) was a German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. He wrote many books, such as Meaning and Necessity,An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science,Introduction to Symbolic Logic and Its Applications, etc.[NOTE: page numbers below refer to a 364-page paperback edition.]He wrote in the Preface to the second edition, “[Logical Structure] was my first larger book, the first attempt to bring into systematic form my earlier philosophical reflections. The first version was written in the years 1922-1925… The main problem concerns the possibility of the rational reconstruction of the concepts of all fields of knowledge on the basis of concepts that refer to the immediately given. By rational reconstruction is here meant the searching out of new definitions for old concepts… I had realized… the fundamental importance of mathematics for the formation of a system of knowledge and… its purely logical, formal character to which it owes its independence from the contingencies of the real world. These insights formed the basis of my book. Later on, through conversations in [Moritz] Schlick’s circle in Vienna and through the influence of Wittgenstein’s ideas they developed into the mode of thought which characterized the ‘Vienna Circle.’ This orientation is sometimes called ‘logical empiricism’ (or ‘logical positivism’), in order to indicate the two components.” (Pg. v-vi)He outlines, “Even though the subjective origin of all knowledge lies in the contents of experiences and their connections, it is still possible, as the conceptual system will show, to advance to an intersubjective, objective world, which can be conceptually comprehended and which is identical for all observers… The present study is an attempt to apply the theory of relations to the task of analyzing reality.” (Pg. 7)He states, “the fundamental thesis of construction theory… which we will attempt to demonstrate in the following investigation, asserts that fundamentally there is only one object domain and that each scientific statement is about the objects in this domain. Thus, it becomes unnecessary to indicate for each statement the object domain, and the result is that each scientific statement can in principle be so transformed that it is nothing but a structure statement.” (Pg. 29)He asserts, “Once it is acknowledged that the realistic and the constructional languages have the same meaning, it follows that constructional definitions and the statements of the constructional system can be formed by translating indicator-statements and other statements which are found in the realistic language of the empirical sciences. Once realistic and constructional languages are recognized as nothing but two different languages which express the same state of affairs, several, perhaps even most, epistemological disputes become pointless.” (Pg. 87) Later, he adds, “From this it follows that the domain of objects to which the cultural objects are reducible can be narrowed down: every cultural object is reducible to its manifestations, that is, to psychological objects.” (Pg. 90)He admits, however, that “Even if we were to suppose that the basic elements are themselves again classes of other elements… we could not construct these fundamental elements with the aid of the given ascension forms. The basic elements of the construction system cannot be analyzed through construction. Thus, the elementary experiences cannot be analyzed in our system since this system takes then as basic elements.” (Pg. 110)He suggests, “the five above-mentioned categorical forms are not the actual (fundamental) categories, but they are in part reducible to one another; the number of (genuine) categories is very small; perhaps there is only a single category.” (Pg. 136)He says, “If, in physics, the world formula were already known, then all the individual natural laws could be derived deductively without reference to experience. In exactly the same way, all the general constructional rules could be deduced from the supreme principle of construction without reference to experience, i.e., without reference to any concrete construction within the constructional system.” (Pg. 165)He observes, “The existence of the self is not an originally given fact. The sum does not follow from the cogito; it does not follow from ‘I experience’ that ‘I am,’ but only that an experience is. The self does not belong to the expression of the basic experience at all, but is constructed only later essentially for the purpose of delineation against the ‘others’; that is, only on a high constructional level, after the construction of the heteropsychological. Thus, a more fitting expression than ‘I experience’ would be ‘experience’ or, still better, ‘this experience.’” (Pg. 261)He contends, “the difference between reality and nonreality (dreams, invention, etc.) retains its full meaning even in a constructional system which is based on an autopsychological basis, and that this distinction in no way presupposes any transcendency.” (Pg. 275) Later, he adds, “The definition of the concept of a thing-in-itself goes back to the concept of reality (in the sense of independence from the cognizing subject). Thus, in our conception, this concept, too, must be placed within metaphysics, for metaphysics is the extrascientific domain of theoretical form.” (Pg. 284) He continues, “the so-called epistemological schools of realism, idealism and phenomenalism agree within the sphere of epistemology. Construction theory represents the neutral foundation which they have in common. They diverge only in the field of metaphysics… only because of a transgression of their proper boundaries.” (Pg. 286)He insists, “Science, the system of conceptual knowledge, has no limits. But this does not mean that there is nothing outside science and that it is all-inclusive… When we say that scientific knowledge is not limited, we mean: there is no question whose answer is in principle unattainable by science… if it is practically impossible to answer a question about a certain event, because the event is too far removed in space or time, but if a question of a similar kind about a present event which is within reach can in fact be answered, then we call the question ‘practically unanswerable, but answerable in principle.’…” (Pg. 290)He begins the “Pseudo-problems” essay with the statement, “The meaning of a statement lies in the fact that it expresses a (conceivable, not necessarily existing) state of affairs. If an (ostensible) statement does not express a (conceivable) state of affairs, then it has no meaning; it is only apparently a statement. If a statement expresses a state of affairs then it is in any event meaningful; it is true if this state of affairs exists, false if it does not exist. One can know that a statement is meaningful even before one knows whether it is true or false.” (Pg. 325)This is one of Carnap’s most important books, and will be of great interest to anyone studying his philosophy, or Logical Positivism in general.

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